Mega Drive

Mega Drive
Japanese Mega Drive logo
European/Australian Mega Drive logo
Genesis logo
Original Japanese Mega Drive and Japanese Mega Drive 2

Top: Asian, European/Australasian and North American logos
Bottom Left: Original Japanese Mega Drive
Bottom Right: Japanese Mega Drive 2
Manufacturer Sega
Type Video game console
Generation Fourth generation
Retail availability
  • JP October 29, 1988
  • NA August 14, 1989
  • PAL November 30, 1990
Discontinued 1995[1]
Units sold [cn 1]
Media ROM cartridge
CPU Motorola 68000
Online services Sega Meganet, Sega Channel, XBAND
Best-selling game Sonic the Hedgehog 2,
6 million (as of June 2006)[2]
Predecessor Sega Master System
Successor Sega Saturn

The Mega Drive (メガドライブ Mega Doraibu?) is a fourth-generation video game console released by Sega in Japan in 1988 and Europe, Australia and other PAL regions in 1990. The console was released in North America in 1989 under the name Sega Genesis, as Sega was unable to secure legal rights to the Mega Drive name in that region.[3] The Mega Drive was Sega's fifth home console and the successor to the Sega Master System, with which it is electronically compatible.

The Mega Drive was the first of its generation to achieve notable market share in Europe and North America. It was a direct competitor of the TurboGrafx-16 (which was released one year earlier in Japan under the name PC Engine, but at about the same time as the Genesis in North America) and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (which was released two years later). The Mega Drive began production in Japan in 1988 and ended with the last new licensed game being released in 2002 in Brazil.[4]

The Mega Drive is Sega's most successful console, though there is disparity in the number of units sold worldwide.[cn 1] The console and its games continue to be popular among fans, collectors, retro gamers emulation enthusiasts and the fan translation scene.[10] There are also several indie game developers continuing to produce games for the console. Many games have been re-released in compilations for newer consoles and/or offered for download on various online services, such as Wii Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network and Steam.

Contents

History

Although the Sega Master System was a success in Europe, and later also Brazil, it failed to ignite much interest in the North American or Japanese markets, which, by the mid-to-late 1980s, were both dominated by Nintendo's large market shares.[11][12][13] Meanwhile in the arcades, the Sega System 16 had become a success. Hayao Nakayama, Sega's CEO at the time, decided to make its new home system utilize a similar 16-bit architecture.[3] The final design was eventually also used in the Mega-Tech, Mega-Play and System-C arcade machines. Any game made for the Mega Drive hardware could easily be ported to these systems.[14]

The first name Sega considered for its console was the MK-1601, but it ultimately decided to call it the "Mega Drive". The name was said to represent superiority and speed, with the then powerful Motorola 68000 processor in mind.[15] Sega used the name Mega Drive for the Japanese, European, Asian, Australian and Brazilian versions of the console. The North American version went by the name "Genesis" due to a trademark dispute.[16] Sega chose to market the system completely independently in all three major regions (Japan, North America and PAL), which lead to each region having distinct logos, branding and box art for both hardware and software.

Launch

The Mega Drive was released in Japan on October 29, 1988.[17] Sega announced a North American release date for the system (under the name of Sega Genesis) on January 9, 1989.[18] Sega initially attempted to partner with Atari Corporation for distribution of the console in the US, but the two could not agree to terms and Sega decided to do it themselves.[19] Sega was not able to meet the initial release date and US sales began on August 14, 1989 in New York City and Los Angeles. The Genesis was released in the rest of North America later that year[20] on September 15, 1989 with the suggested retail price of $190, $10 less than originally planned.[3]

The European release was on November 30, 1990. Following on from the European success of the Sega Master System, the Mega Drive became a very popular console in Europe. Unlike in other regions where the NES had been the dominant platform, the Sega Master System was the most popular console in Europe at the time. In the United Kingdom the most well known of Sega's advertising slogans was "To be this good takes AGES, to be this good takes SEGA". Some of these adverts employed adult humour and innuendo with sentences like "The more you play with it, the harder it gets" displayed with an illustration of the waggling of a joystick.[21] A prominent figure in the European marketing was the "Sega Pirate", a talking one-eyed skull that starred in many TV adverts with a generally edgy and humorous attitude. Since the Mega Drive was already two years old at the release in Europe, the many games available at launch were naturally more in numbers compared to the launches in other regions. The ports of arcade titles like Altered Beast, Golden Axe and Ghouls 'n Ghosts, available in stores at launch, provided a strong image of the console's power to deliver an arcade-like experience.[22] The arrival of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 was just as successful as in North America, with the new Sega mascot becoming popular throughout the continent.[22]

In Brazil, the Mega Drive was released by Tec Toy in 1990, only a year after the Brazilian release of the Sega Master System. Tec Toy also ran the Internet service Sega Meganet in Brazil as well as producing games exclusively for the Brazilian market.[23] On December 5, 2007, Tec Toy released a portable version of Mega Drive with 20 built-in games.[24][25]

In India, distribution of the Mega Drive was handled by Shaw Wallace,[26] while Samsung handled it in Korea. Samsung renamed the console "Super Aladdin Boy", while retaining the Mega Drive logo on the system in addition to their own.[27]

Console wars

The Mega Drive initially competed against the aging 8-bit NES, over which it had superior graphics and sound. Despite this, the Mega Drive was all but ignored in Japan as soon as it was launched. Despite some positive coverage from magazines Famitsu and Beep!, Sega only managed to ship 400,000 units in the first year.[16] In order to increase sales, Sega released various peripherals and games,[16] including an online banking system and answering machine called the Sega Mega Anser.[29] Despite this, the Mega Drive remained a distant third in Japan behind Nintendo's Super Famicom and NEC's PC Engine throughout the 16-bit era.[30]

For the North American market, new Sega of America CEO Michael Katz instituted a two-part approach to build sales in that region. The first part involved a marketing campaign to challenge Nintendo head-on and emphasize the more arcade-like experience available on the Genesis, summarized by the slogan "Genesis does what Nintendon't".[31] Since Nintendo owned the console rights to most arcade games of the time, the second part involved creating a library of instantly-recognizable titles which used the names and likenesses of celebrities and athletes such as Pat Riley Basketball, Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf, James 'Buster' Douglas Knockout Boxing, Joe Montana Football, Tommy Lasorda Baseball, Mario Lemieux Hockey and Michael Jackson's Moonwalker.[32][33] Nonetheless, it had a hard time overcoming Nintendo's ubiquitous presence in the consumer's home.[34]

In mid-1990 Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama hired Tom Kalinske to replace Katz as CEO of Sega of America. Although Kalinske initially knew little about the video game market, he surrounded himself with industry-savvy advisors. A believer in the razor and blades business model, he developed a four-point plan: cut the price of the console; create a US-based team to develop games targeted at the American market; continue and expand the aggressive advertising campaigns and replace the bundled game, Altered Beast, with a new title, Sonic the Hedgehog.[34] The Japanese board of directors initially disapproved of the plan[35] but all four points were approved by Nakayama. Magazines praised Sonic as one of the greatest games yet made and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the SNES decided to purchase a Genesis instead.[34] Nintendo's console debuted against an established competitor, while NEC's TurboGrafx-16 failed to gain traction and NEC soon pulled out of the market.[36]

Sega began in 1992 with a number of advantages: a 55% to 45% market share over the Super NES, a lower price, and a tenfold advantage in number of games.[37] Sega's advertising continued to position the Genesis as the "cooler" console,[37] and at one point in its campaign, it used the term "Blast Processing" to suggest that the processing capabilities of the Genesis were far greater than those of the SNES.[38][39] A Sony focus group found that teenage boys would not admit to owning a Super NES rather than a Genesis.[40] Neither console could maintain a definitive lead in market share for several years, with Nintendo's share of the 16-bit machine business dipping down to 37% at the end of 1993,[41] and Sega accounting for 55% of all 16-bit hardware sales during 1994.[42]

In Europe, the Mega Drive maintained support through 1998. It outsold all other consoles, including the Sega Saturn, in later years.[17] Brazil also saw success with the Mega Drive, where it held 75% of the market share.[17]

Add-ons

Sonic CD's special stage utilizing the Mega CD's enhanced graphical capabilities
Genesis model 2 with the Sega CD and 32X add-ons attached

In early 1991, Sega announced the Mega-CD, to be released in Japan in late 1991 and in North America (as the Sega CD) in 1992. While this add-on did contain a faster CPU, more memory and some enhanced graphical capabilities (similar to the SNES's mode 7) compared to the Mega Drive itself,[43] the main focus of the device was to expand the size of games. Cartridges of the day typically contained 8 to 16 megabits of data, while a CD-ROM could hold 640 megabytes (5120 megabits). While it became known for several games, including Sonic CD and Night Trap, the expansion only sold 6 million units worldwide.[44]

The Sega 32X allows the user to play technologically superior 32-bit games on the Mega Drive, such as Doom

At June 1994's Consumer Electronics Show, Sega presented the 32X as the "poor man's entry into 'next generation' games."[45] The 32X was originally conceived by Sega of Japan as a fully compatible Mega Drive based console with enhanced color capabilities.[46] Sega of America R&D head Joe Miller convinced Sega of Japan to convert it into an add-on to the existing Genesis. Although this add-on contained two 32-bit CPUs, it failed to attract either developers or consumers as the superior Saturn had already been announced for release the next year. Originally released in November 1994 (after the release of the Sega Saturn in Japan) for US$159, Sega dropped the price to $99 after only a few months and ultimately cleared the remaining inventory at $19.95.[46] Although initial sales were good, thanks mostly to Doom and Star Wars Arcade, Sega was only able to move 665,000 units worldwide by the end of 1994.[5]

32-bit era and beyond

By the end of 1995, Sega was supporting five different consoles and two add-ons: Saturn, Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Gear, Pico, Sega CD/Mega CD, 32X and Master System in PAL and some South American (predominantly Brazilian) markets. In Japan the Mega Drive had never been successful and the Saturn was beating Sony's PlayStation, causing Sega of Japan CEO Hayao Nakayama to decide to discontinue the Mega Drive. While this made perfect sense for the Japanese market, it was disastrous in North America: the market for Genesis games was much larger than for the Saturn but Sega was left without the inventory or software to meet demand. In comparison, Nintendo concentrated on the 16-bit market and reported the most lucrative holiday season in the industry.[1] It also undercut the Sega of America executives; CEO Tom Kalinske, who oversaw the rise of the Genesis in 1991, grew uninterested in the business and resigned in mid 1996.[47]

In 1998, Sega licensed the Mega Drive to Majesco so that it could re-release the console.[48] Majesco began re-selling millions of formerly unsold cartridges at a budget price together with the second model of the Genesis, until it later released a third version of it. In 1998 Frogger became the last commercially licensed game to be released in North America.[49]

The Mega Drive was supported until 1998 in Europe, when Sega announced it was dropping support for it.[17] It was discontinued along with its predecessor, the long-lived Sega Master System, to allow Sega to concentrate on its newer console, the Saturn. The Mega Drive's add-ons, the Mega CD and 32X, were also both discontinued at this point, having been the same general failures they were in the other regions.[44]

On May 22, 2006, Super Fighter Team released Beggar Prince, a game translated from a 1996 Chinese original. It released worldwide and was the first commercial Genesis game release in North America since 1998.[50]

At September 1, 2008, a group of homebrew enthusiasts[51][52] released a demo of their upcoming game Pier Solar and the Great Architects. It is the first commercial role-playing game specifically developed for the console since 1996.[53]

On December 3, 2008, Super Fighter Team released Legend of Wukong, another translation of a 1996 Chinese game. Like Beggar Prince, it released worldwide and was the second North American commercial release since 1998.[54]

Emulation

Gens Emulator Interface

Like most other consoles from its time, the Mega Drive has retained interest among its fans, even following its decline in the marketplace. It has continued to thrive on the second-hand market and through console emulation.

Emulation projects began as early as 1994 with the release of an emulator called Megadrive, which only emulated Sonic The Hedgehog without sound and with many glitches.[55] In 1996, GenEM became the first fully functional Mega Drive emulator.[56] In 1997, former Genesis developer, Steve Snake[56] began work on what would eventually become Kega Fusion, with his goal being exact emulation. In 1998, Steve was commissioned by Sega to create a Windows compatible version which could be marketed with some classic games in the "Sega Smash Pack".[57] Another popular Mega Drive emulator named Gens began development in 1999, and soon became known as the best Mega Drive/Genesis emulator around.[58] It spawned many derivative emulator works based on it.[59][60] However, Gens ceased development in 2006,[58] and never reached the emulation accuracy of Kega Fusion.[61] Both emulators feature online play, as well as the ability to record video.[61][62]

Emulation of the Mega Drive/Genesis is also available on home consoles and handheld units such as Sega's Dreamcast;[63] Nintendo's GameCube,[64] Wii,[65] and DS;[66] GamePark Holdings' GP2X;[67] Sony's PlayStation 2[68] and PlayStation Portable[69] and Microsoft's Xbox[70] and Xbox 360.[71] Emulators have also been produced for smart phones,[72] such as Apple's iPhone[73] as well as various PDAs.[74]

In 2004, a trend emerged toward plug-and-play TV games and Radica Games released a licensed, self-contained, version of the Mega Drive in both North America (as the Play TV Legends Sega Genesis)[75] and Europe (as the Mega Drive 6-in-1 Plug 'n' Play). It contains six popular games in a small control box with a permanently connected control pad. It does not have a cartridge slot and thus is a dedicated console.[76]

The GameTap subscription gaming service includes a Mega Drive emulator and has several dozen licensed Mega Drive games in its catalog.[77] The Console Classix subscription gaming service also includes an emulator and has several hundred Mega Drive games in its catalog.[78]

A number of Mega Drive games have been released on compilation discs. These include Sonic Mega Collection and Sonic Gems Collection for PS2, Xbox and Nintendo GameCube; Sega Genesis Collection for PS2 and PSP and most recently Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection (known as the Sega Mega Drive Ultimate Collection in PAL territories) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, which also supports Achievements/Trophies for various actions across all games and graphic smoothing. Some versions do feature slight emulation issues, such as sound problems on the Sega Genesis Collection. However, the more recent compilations have save states which work exactly like the save states on computer emulators in that they will save the exact point and conditions that the game was in when a player saved it. The usage of these states do not disqualify a player from acquiring a trophy/achievement in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection, as it is a supported game feature.

During his keynote speech at the 2006 Game Developers Conference, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced that Sega will make a number of Genesis/Mega Drive titles available to download on the Wii's Virtual Console.[79] These games are now available along with other systems' titles under the Wii's Virtual Console.[79] At launch the 16-bit Sega games available on the North American Virtual Console were Altered Beast and Sonic the Hedgehog. In Europe Ecco the Dolphin and Golden Axe were also available in addition to the titles available in North America. There are also select Mega Drive titles available on the Xbox 360 such as Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic 2.

Technical specifications

Mega Drive Mainboard (PAL)
Mega Drive II Mainboard (PAL)
Early Sega Genesis Model #1 with "High Definition Graphics" logo
Processor: Motorola 68000 16/32-bit processor running at 7.67 MHz
Co-processor (Sound Controller): Zilog Z80 8-bit at 3.58 MHz
Memory: 64K work RAM (68000), 64K video RAM, 8K work RAM (Z80)

Later hardware had an internal 1Kx8 ROM for the license display screen.
Display Palette: 512 colors (3:3:3 RGB)
Onscreen colors: 64 (normal) or 183 (shadow/highlight mode)
Maximum onscreen sprites: 80 (320-pixel wide displays) or 64 (256-pixel wide displays)
Resolution: 256×224, 256×448, 320×224, 320×448, (PAL and NTSC)

256×240, 320×240, 256×480, 320×480 (PAL only), 256×192 (SMS games only)
Sound: Yamaha YM2612 5 channel FM and 1 channel FM/PCM, Texas Instruments SN76489 4 channel PSG (Programmable Sound Generator)

CPU

Main article: Motorola 68000

The Mega Drive's CPU is a 16/32-bit Motorola 68000.[80] The maximum addressable memory is 16 MB from the ROM ($00000000-00400000 - 4 MB), to the RAM ($00FF0000-00FFFFFF - 64 KB). The 68000 runs at 7.61 MHz in PAL consoles, 7.67 MHz in NTSC consoles.[81] The Mega Drive also includes a Zilog Z80, which serves as the console's primary sound controller and also provides complete Master System compatibility with only a passive adapter. The Mega Drive has 64 KB of work RAM.[15]

Video

The Mega Drive has a dedicated VDP (Video Display Processor) for background graphic and sprite control. This is an improved version of the Sega Master System VDP, which in turn is derived from the Texas Instruments TMS9918. Images can be output at 256 pixels (32 tiles) or 320 pixels (40 tiles) across and 224 scanlines (28 tiles) or 240 scanlines (30 tiles) down. The 240-line resolutions are only used on 50 Hz (i.e. PAL) displays, as the extra lines end up in the overscan of a 60 Hz (NTSC) signal.

NTSC games use the 224-line resolution to free up more vertical blanking time to send more updates to the VDP. Colors are chosen from a total of 512 possible colors, 3 bits per RGB; some games used a small amount of flicker to simulate more colors. Graphics consist of up to 80 sprites on screen and three background planes (Window, ScrollA, ScrollB), two of which (ScrollA and Window) share the same screen space. Palettes are stored in color RAM (CRAM) and consist of 16 colors each for a total of 64 colors.[82]

Audio

There are two primary sound chips which can both be controlled by the Z80 or the M68000; the Yamaha YM2612 FM chip and the Texas Instruments SN76489 PSG chip.[17] The YM2612 is a descendant of the prolific Yamaha YM2203, used in many gaming machines throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. There are 8 kilobytes of dedicated sound RAM available to the Z80.[82] The Yamaha uses six FM channels with four operators each, and its clock speed is the same as that of the main CPU. Stereo sound is output only through the headphone jack on model 1 systems and through AV out on model 2 systems along with mono signal.[15] Changes in the mixing circuit resulted in later revisions of the hardware producing more distorted sound output than earlier models.[83]

Memory

There is 2 KB of Boot ROM, which is also known as the "Trademark Security System" (TMSS). When the console is started, it checks the game for certain code given to licensed developers. Unlicensed games without the code are thus locked out, but if a game is properly licensed, the ROM will display "Produced by or under license from Sega Enterprises Ltd.".[84] Also, as a hardware-feature, with later versions of the Trademark Security System "SEGA" must be written into an area of I/O memory ($A14000) in order to turn on the VDP. The TMSS was the subject of the legal case Sega v. Accolade.

There is also 64 KB of Main RAM. The Main RAM is part of the M68000 address space. Also present is 64 KB of Video RAM,[17] which cannot be accessed directly by CPU and must be read and written via the VDP (Video Display Processor). The Z80 has 8 kilobytes of RAM mapped into the M68000's address space that is intended to be used for program RAM. The Z80 can also access 32 kilobytes of the M68000s memory using bank-switching which is intended to be provided as a sound bank.

Inputs and outputs

On the front of the console are two controller input ports, which use 9-pin male D-subminiature connectors.[82] On the rear of all first-model Japanese Mega Drive units and on early American Genesis and PAL (European, Australasian and Asian) Mega Drive units is the EXT input port; a DE-9F (9-pin female D-connector) that was used with the Meganet modem peripheral, released only in Japan.[82] The power input is a positive tip barrel connector that requires 9-10 volts DC, at about 0.85-1.2 A, depending on the model. There is also an Expansion input port which is an Edge connector on the bottom right hand side of the console. It is used almost exclusively for connection for the Mega CD/Sega CD, though it was also used for the Sega Genesis 6 Cart Demo Unit (DS-16) in stores. This port is not present on the Genesis 3 model.[15]

The console's A/V output consists of a DIN connector with composite video, RGB video and audio outputs.[15] The Mega Drive and the first model Genesis have an 8-pin DIN socket (same as Sega Master System) which supports mono audio only, while the Mega Drive 2, Multi-Mega/CDX and other models have a 9-pin mini-DIN connector with both mono and stereo audio.[15] Stereo audio for the Mega Drive and the first model Genesis were supplied by the headphone jack, which is not present on later models.[15] Original model European and Asian Mega Drives and North American Geneses also include a built in RF modulator, which outputs via an RCA jack on the rear of the console; other models must use an external RF modulator for RF video/audio.[15]

Master System compatibility

Sega Power Base Converter

One of the key design features of the console is its backwards compatibility with Sega's previous console, the Sega Master System. The 16-bit design is based upon the 8-bit design, albeit enhanced and extended in many areas. In order to achieve backwards compatibility, the Master System's central processor and sound chip (the Zilog Z80[15] and SN76489 respectively) are included as coprocessors in the Mega Drive, and the Mega Drive's Video Display Processor (VDP) is capable of the Master System's VDP mode 4, though it cannot run in modes 0, 1, 2, or 3 (so the Mega Drive is not compatible with SG-1000 software or Master System software which uses these modes).

As the cartridge slot is of a different shape, Sega released the Power Base Converter, a separate device that sits between a Master System cartridge and the Mega Drive's cartridge slot. The Power Base Converter does not contain any Master System components, instead functioning as a pass-through device, and consisting almost entirely of passive circuitry. The converter contains a top slot for cartridge-based games along with a front slot for card-based games, as well as the 3-D glasses adapter. When a Master System game is inserted, the system puts the Z80 in control, leaving the Mega Drive's main 68000 processor idle. The power base converter had inferior capacitors however, meaning that after a few years use, the system may suffer from glitchy play, to rectify this the user must remove the capacitors from the board or replace them.[15]

In Japan the device is known as the "Mega Adapter" (メガアダプタ). The Sega Mega Adapter is built for the Japanese Mega Drive cartridge slot, so it does not fit into the Genesis cartridge slot, like Japanese Mega Drive cartridges. It also has the Master System cartridge slot changed to the Sega Mark III/Japanese Master System pinout. Because of the Genesis VDP limitations listed before, it does not run SG-1000/SC-3000 games or Master System games that use the SG-1000 video modes. The Mega Adapter does not have the Yamaha YM2413 FM chip that enhances the sound of certain games. The PAL variant is called the "Master System Converter" in Europe.[85]

The Power Base Converter is not fully compatible with the redesigned Mega Drive 2. A second version, the "Master System Converter II", was released to address this problem. This second version adapter was produced in a far smaller quantity and only released in Europe.[15]

The only Master System game which does not work with this device is F-16 Fighting Falcon.[86] (It is actually the compatibility mode of the Mega Drive/Genesis, and not the Power Base Converter itself, that is responsible for this.)

Some Master System games (such as Shanghai) are incompatible with the Mega Drive control pad, so a Master System control pad must be used instead. As it has the same connection port, the Master System pad can be plugged directly into the Mega Drive controller ports without any kind of adapter.

Some Master System games not published by Sega (e.g. Codemasters, HES, and many Tec Toy exclusives) are incompatible with the Mega Drive.

Peripherals

Original three button joypad with later six button version
Sega Mouse and Sega Mega Mouse

The standard Mega Drive controller features three main buttons and a "start" button usually used for pausing mid-game. The controller itself has a distinctive rounded shape.[81] Sega later released a six-button version in 1993 coinciding with the release of Street Fighter II: Special Champion Edition; this pad is slightly smaller and features three more face buttons, similar to the design of buttons on arcade fighting games.[81]

A number of other peripherals for the Mega Drive were released that add extra functionality. The Menacer Light Gun was developed in response to the Super Scope for the SNES and is only compatible with the Menacer 6-game cartridge and a few other games.[87] The Sega Mouse was released for the Mega Drive in the Japanese and European markets,[88] as well as a North American version called the Sega Mega Mouse.[89] A foam-covered bat called the BatterUP and the TeeVGolf golf club were both released for the Mega Drive and SNES and provide support for similar games.[88][90]

One of the most unsuccessful peripherals released was the Sega Activator. Marketed as a new type of martial arts simulator, it was an octagonal device that lay flat on the floor and read a gamer's physical movements. As the player moved, he/she would trigger infrared laser beams which would then be translated into game inputs. The light beams were easily distorted by a non-flat ceiling, or obstructions, such as blades of a ceiling fan or light fixture.[91] Some games that were configured for it were Comix Zone, Mortal Kombat 3, and Greatest Heavyweights of the Ring, but it could also be used as an alternative to the standard 3-Button controller. Eternal Champions, Mortal Kombat, and Street Fighter II: Special Champion Edition were pack-ins.[92] It required its own power supply to work, and was largely dismissed by consumers due to its unwieldiness and inaccuracy.[92] The $80 price tag didn't help either.[92] The Sega Activator was based on a musical instrument called the Light Harp conceived by musician and martial artist Assaf Gurner.[93] The Sega Activator was ranked the third worst video game controller ever made by IGN editor Craig Harris.[94]

The Mega Drive is also compatible with Sega Master System accessories through use of the Power Base Converter.[17][95]

Both Electronic Arts (EA) and Sega released multitaps for the system to allow more than the standard two players to play at once.[82] Initially, EA's version, the 4-Play, and Sega's adapter, the Team Player, only supported each publisher's own titles. Later games were created to work on both adapters. Codemasters also developed the J-Cart system, providing two extra ports with no extra hardware, although the technology came late in the console's life and was only featured on a few games.[96]

Enhancement chips

Virtua Racing's graphics were comparable to those of Star Fox[97]

Adding special chips to cartridge games had been seen in various games on the NES, which used the five MMCs (Memory Management Chip), which gave games abilities not normally supported by the hardware, such as split-screen scrolling (Super Mario Bros. 3) and improved battery back-up (Castlevania 3). Two Argonaut-developed FX chips allowed similar enhancements on Nintendo's SNES console. Essentially RISC processors, they functioned as auxiliary processors and could render polygons, as seen in Star Fox, or could be used for graphical enhancements, such as sprite stretching and additional parallax scrolling. The FX chips boosted the SNES's overall performance by lightening its main CPU's load.[97]

These enhancements made the stock Genesis games of the time begin to look old and stale. Sega quickly began working on a chip of their own that would surpass Nintendo's. The Sega Virtua Processor chip was first developed as a direct response to the FX chips being used by Nintendo for its SNES.[97] Virtua Racing highlights some differences between the SVP and Nintendo's FX chip for polygon rendering; Virtua Racing runs a higher frame rate and has less break up than similar games on the SNES. The Virtua Processor also had an "Axis Transformation" unit that handled scaling and rotation.[97]

The chip was expensive to produce, increasing the cost of the game. At US$100, Virtua Racing was the most expensive mass-produced domestic Genesis cartridge in history.[97]

Confirmed to have been in line for the SVP treatment were Virtua Fighter and Daytona USA. However, Virtua Racing would be the only game to use Sega's enhancement chip, with the other two games being saved for the Saturn's launch.[97]

Variations

The Sega Multi Mega incorporates the Mega Drive and Mega-CD in one unit

The Mega Drive received many officially licensed variations. While only one major design revision of the console was created during its lifespan, each region has its own peculiarities and unique items, while other variations were reduced costs (such as the removal of the little-used 9-pin EXT. port) or expanding the capabilities of the Mega Drive.[15]

The Model MK-1631 (Mega Drive/Genesis 2) has a Z80 CPU,[98] which is used for sound production by many games and is therefore necessary component.[15] However, the specific chip varies by console; depending on the motherboard revision, systems have either a Zilog Z84C00 or a Custom Sega 315-5676 or similar.

Sega also released a combined, semi-portable Mega Drive/Mega CD unit called the Sega Multi-Mega (Sega CDX in North America and Multi-Mega CDX in Brazil). Only 5,000 units were released in the United States in April 1994, making the unit "rare, very desirable, and quite collectable", according to Sega Force.[99]

Majesco's Genesis 3 (single-chip and dual-chip versions) retains the Mode 4 support but has the Master System compatibility removed from the bus controller logic.[17] While 68000-based software can still use the Mode 4 capabilities, the Power Base Converter and other adapters are incompatible with this unit.[15]

The Victor Wondermega (known in North America as the JVC X'Eye) was belatedly released in the North American market in September 1994 - about a year behind JVC's original target date of fall 1993. Its pack-ins included Prize Fighter, Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia and a karaoke disc. JVC hoped to target an older, more affluent market with its console in the same way that Sega did with the CDX. However, only about 10,000 consoles were sold in all of North America.[99]

ATGames currently produces, and outsources the production of, officially-licensed, emulation-based Mega Drive consoles. These consoles enable the use of Mega Drive and Genesis games from all regions on a single system but do not support the Power Base Converter, Mega/Sega CD units, or the 32X expansion.[100]

Revival

Brazil

The Mega Drive never ceased production in Brazil, though Tec Toy's current models emulate the original hardware. The latest version, called "Mega Drive Guitar Idol", comes with two six-button joypads and a guitar controller with five fret buttons. The Guitar Idol game contains a mix of Brazilian and international songs.[101] The console has 87 built-in games, including some new ones from Electronic Arts, originally cellphone games: FIFA 2008, Need for Speed Pro Street, The Sims 2 and Sim City.[101]

China

In 2008 Chinese company ATGames produced a new Mega Drive compatible console. It features a top-loading cartridge slot and includes two controllers similar to the six-button controller for the original Mega Drive. The console has 15 games built-in, and is region-free, allowing cartridge games to run regardless of their region of origin.[102] ATGames also produces a handheld version of the console.[103] Both machines have been released in Europe by distributing company Blaze Europe.[102]

India

Mitashi, a consumer appliance manufacturer in India released a version of Mega Drive called Game-In Xtreme, with a few built in games. Even though, 'Mega Drive' has never been mentioned, it plays 16 bit game (Mega Drive) cartridges.[104]

North America

In 2009 two new officially licensed Genesis consoles came out. The Firecore,[100] and the Gencore.[105] In addition to that, two new officially licensed Genesis portables also made their debut; the Retrogen,[106][107] and the Genmobile.[108] The Firecore can play newly developed "Truecolor" games.[100] All the consoles, with the exception of the Retrogen, ship with twenty official Genesis games built in.[109]

See also

Content notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Some sources have claimed Sega sold 29 Million units worldwide, noting that 14 Million were sold in North America.[5][6] However, there are updated sales numbers for North America totaling 20 Million[7], presenting a disparity in the sales numbers. Additionally, Tec Toy has sold 2 million units of their own Mega Drives (as of August 31st, 2005)[8] Majesco has sold 2 Million units of their Mega Drives,[8] and Sega has sold 1 Million units of their Sega Nomad.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 508, 531. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  2. ↑ Boutros, Daniel (2006-08-04). "Sonic the Hedgehog 2". A Detailed Cross-Examination of Yesterday and Today's Best-Selling Platform Games. Gamasutra. http://gamasutra.com/features/20060804/boutros_05.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-28. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Pettus, Sam (2004-07-07). "Genesis: A New Beginning". Sega-16. http://www.sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=61&title=Genesis:%20A%20New%20Beginning. Retrieved 2008-03-06. 
  4. ↑ "Guardiana, the Mega Drive Kingdom :: Game Informations :: Mega Drive :: Show do Milhão:". Guardiana. http://www.guardiana.net/MDG-Database/Mega%20Drive/Show%20do%20Milh%C3%A3o/. Retrieved 2008-08-29. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Video game market share up to the end of fiscal year 1994". Man!ac Magazine. 1995-05. http://www.majhost.com/gallery/Pricey/SEGAtastic/mdsalesuntilendof1994sc.jpg. Retrieved 2010-07-11. 
  6. ↑ Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Sega Video Games". Chronology of Video Game Systems. http://vidgame.info/sega/. Retrieved 2010-07-16. "Total North American sales in its lifetime: 14 million. Total world sales: 29 million." 
  7. ↑ Stephanie Strom (1998-03-14). "Sega Enterprises Pulls Its Saturn Video Console From the U.S. Market". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/14/business/international-business-sega-enterprises-pulls-its-saturn-video-console-us-market.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Alucard em Quarta-feira (2005-08-31). "A História do Mega Drive" (in Portuguese). GameHall Network. http://gamehall.uol.com.br/site/a-historia-do-mega-drive/. Retrieved 2008-03-06. 
  9. ↑ Blake Snow (2007-07-30). "The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time". GamePro. http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/125748.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
  10. ↑ "Translations". Romhacking Dot Net. http://www.romhacking.net/?platform=11&languageid=12&perpage=30&page=translations. Retrieved 2008-05-31. 
  11. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 303, 360. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  12. ↑ Nintendo Official Magazine Staff (2001). Nintendo Official Magazine - Nintendo's Market Share 1988. Future Publishing. p. 35. 
  13. ↑ Business Week staff (1999). Business Week - Nintendo's Market Share 1990. p. 60. 
  14. ↑ Planet Dreamcast staff. "Sega History". IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616093349/http://www.planetdreamcast.com/about/sega/. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 Christoph Bolitz. "Sega Mega Drive information". Skill Reactor. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080522123832/http://skillreactor.org/. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Szczepaniak, John (September 2006). "Retroinspection: Sega Mega Drive". Retro Gamer (London, UK: Imagine Publishing) (27). http://www.sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=68&title=Retroinspection:%20Mega%20Drive. Retrieved 2007-11-08. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Console Database Staff. "Sega Mega Drive/Genesis Console Information". Console Database. Console Database/Dale Hansen. http://www.consoledatabase.com/consoleinfo/segamegadrive/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  18. ↑ Sheff, David (1993). Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children. New York: Random House. p. 352. ISBN 0-679-40469-4. 
  19. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 401. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  20. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 404–405. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  21. ↑ Cmdr_Zorg (2006). "SEGA'S BIZARRE EARLY 1990S VIZ ADVERTS". UK Resistance. http://www.ukresistance.co.uk/2006/03/segas-bizarre-early-1990s-viz-adverts.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 McFerran, Damien "Damo" (2007-03-08). "Hardware Focus - Sega Megadrive / Genesis". Nintendo Life. http://www.vc-reviews.com/news/2007/03/hardware_focus_sega_mega_drive_genesis. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  23. ↑ Tiago Tex Pine (2008-02-26). "How Piracy can Break an Industry - the Brazilian Case". Game Producer Blog. http://www.gameproducer.net/2008/02/26/how-piracy-can-break-an-industry-the-brazilian-case/. Retrieved 2008-04-14. 
  24. ↑ Donald Melanson (2007-11-13). "Brazil's TecToy cranks out Mega Drive portable handheld". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2007/11/13/brazils-tectoy-cranks-out-mega-drive-portable-handheld/. Retrieved 2007-01-23. 
  25. ↑ Luke Plunkett (2007-11-14). "Sega: Brazil Gets This Wonderful Portable Mega Drive". Kotaku. http://kotaku.com/gaming/sega/brazil-gets-this-wonderful-portable-mega-drive-322425.php. Retrieved 2007-01-23. 
  26. ↑ "Sega Mega Drive - Indian Commercial". YouTube. 2008-07-28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ck6hE2uCrPY. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  27. ↑ "Korean Mega Drive". Segagaga Domain. http://www.segagagadomain.com/hardware-mega/korean-md.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  28. ↑ Orlando, Greg (2007-05-15). "Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming". Wired News. Condé Nast Publications. p. 22. http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history?slide=22. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 
  29. ↑ MattG (2005-08-04). "Sega's "Anser" to a Question Nobody Asked". Press The Buttons. http://www.pressthebuttons.com/2005/08/segas_anser_to_.html. Retrieved 2008-05-07. 
  30. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 447. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  31. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 405. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  32. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 406–408. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  33. ↑ Horowitz, Ken (2007-11-20). "Behind the Design: Joe Montana Football". Sega-16. http://www.sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=298&title=Behind%20the%20Design:%20Joe%20Montana%20Football. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 424–431. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  35. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  36. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 433, 449. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 434, 448–449. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  38. ↑ "The Essential 50 Part 28: Sonic the Hedgehog". 1up.com. http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3134008. Retrieved 2008-04-21. 
  39. ↑ Damien McFerran. "Retroinspection: Mega-CD". Retro Gamer Magazine (61): 84. "Sadly I have to take responsibility for that ghastly phrase," admits [former Sega of America technical director Scot] Bayless with a grimace. ... "During the run-up to the Western launch of Mega-CD ... I mentioned the fact that you could just 'blast data into the DACs'. [The PR guys] loved the word 'blast' and the next thing I knew 'Blast Processing' was born". 
  40. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 449. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  41. ↑ Gross, Neil (1994-02-21). "Nintendo's Yamauchi: No More Playing Around". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1994/b335962.arc.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02. "His first priority is fixing the disaster in the U.S. market, where Nintendo's share of the 16-bit machine business plummeted from 60% at the end of 1992 to 37% a year later" 
  42. ↑ Greenstein, Jane (1995-01-13). "Game makers dispute who is market leader.". Video Business. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16418263.html. Retrieved 2010-07-02. "Sega said its products accounted for 55% of all 16-bit hardware sales for 1994" 
  43. ↑ "Sega CD". Emulation Zone. http://www.emulationzone.org/consoles/segacd/segacd.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-11. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Blake Snow (2007-07-30). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro. http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/111822/the-10-worst-selling-consoles-of-all-time/. Retrieved 2008-05-20. 
  45. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 493. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. pp. 493–496. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  47. ↑ Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. p. 535. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. 
  48. ↑ "Sega farms out Genesis". Television Digest. 1998-03-02. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3169/is_n9_v38/ai_20456851/?tag=content;col1. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  49. ↑ "Game Rankings Recent Releases list of Genesis". CNET Networks. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20071017040919/http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/default_GEN/10. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 
  50. ↑ "Beggar Prince official website". Beggar Prince. http://www.beggarprince.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  51. ↑ Jackson, Mike (2008-01-17). "Pier Solar at computerandvideogames.com". CVG. http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=179728. Retrieved 2008-10-18. 
  52. ↑ "Retro Gamer #49". Retro Gamer. 2008. http://www.piersolar.com/data/retrogamer_scan0.jpg. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
  53. ↑ Horowitz, Ken (2008-09-05). "Preview: Pier Solar at Sega-16.com". Sega-16. http://sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=358&title=Preview:%20Pier%20Solar%20&%20the%20Great%20Architects. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
  54. ↑ "Legend of Wukong official website". Legend of Wukong. http://www.legendofwukong.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  55. ↑ "Megadrive". Zophar's Domain. http://www.zophar.net/genesis/megadrive.html. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Genesis Emulators". The Dump. Gamespy. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080111173451/http://thedump.classicgaming.gamespy.com/genesis/emulator.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  57. ↑ Tunek (2000-01-14). "Steve Snake interview". TITAN Saturn Emulation. http://user.tninet.se/~puc549i/features/snake_int1.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Gens". The Emulator Zone. http://www.emulator-zone.com/doc.php/genesis/gens.html. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  59. ↑ "Gens32". Gens32 Sega Genesis Emulator. http://gens32.emubase.de/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  60. ↑ "Gens/GS". Sega Retro. http://segaretro.org/Gens/GS?rdfrom=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.sonicretro.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGens%2FGS%26redirect%3Dno. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Vincent T. Vantine (2009-08-07). "Kega Fusion Review". VTemulation.net. http://www.vtemulation.net/articles/emulator-reviews/kegafusion.php. Retrieved 2010-07-18. "Kega Fusion's audio emulation is considered to be the most accurate on the Genesis front and a wide range of options will easily satisfy most gamers(...)Kega Fusion is a must-try for any Sega fan. It's rare to encounter an emulator that has this much refinement and compatibility." 
  62. ↑ Vincent T. Vantine (2009-08-07). "Gens Review". VTemulation.net. http://www.vtemulation.net/articles/emulator-reviews/gens.php. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  63. ↑ "Emulators for Sega Dreamcast". Sega Dreamcast news. DCEmu. http://dreamcast.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
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  65. ↑ "Emulators for Nintendo Wii". Nintendo Wii news. DCEmu. http://wii-news.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  66. ↑ "Emulators for Nintendo DS". Nintendo DS news. DCEmu. http://nintendo-ds.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  67. ↑ "Emulators for GP2X". GP2X news. DCEmu. http://gp2x-emulation.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  68. ↑ "Emulators for PS2". PS2 news. DCEmu. http://ps2emu.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  69. ↑ "Emulators for PSP". PSP news. DCEmu. http://psp-news.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
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  72. ↑ "Emulators for Alternative Handhelds". Alternative Handheld Emulation. DCEmu. http://ngage.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  73. ↑ "Emulators for the iPhone". Apple news. DCEmu. http://apple.dcemu.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  74. ↑ Werner Ruotsalainen (2007-05-07). "The ONLY REAL guide to Sega Genesis/Mega Drive emulation on Windows Mobile". Expert Blogs. Smartphone & Pocket PC Magazine. http://www.smartphonemag.com/cms/blogs/3/1933. Retrieved 2010-07-18. 
  75. ↑ "Play TV Legends Sega Genesis - Radica Games". Radica Games. Archived from the original on 2006-10-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20061016152902/http://www.radicagames.com/playtv-legends-sega-genesis.php. Retrieved 2006-09-24. 
  76. ↑ Miles, Stuart (2004-09-26). "Sega Mega Drive 6-in-1 Plug and play Review". gamesdog.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-01-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080109015529/http://www.gamesdog.co.uk/reviews/review.phtml/604/1628/sega-mega-drive-6-in-1-retro.phtml. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  77. ↑ "GameTap Sega Catalogue". GameTap. http://originals.gametap.com/sega/games.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  78. ↑ "Console Classix Sega Genesis games". Console Classix. http://www.consoleclassix.com/titleslist.html?list=ALL&system=GEN. Retrieved 2008-05-15. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Tor Thorsen (2007-10-18). "GDC 06: Revolution to play Genesis, TurboGrafx-16 games". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6146528.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  80. ↑ "MC68000 Documentation". TiCalc.org. http://www.ticalc.org/pub/text/68k/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Michael Drake, Adrian Lees, and Jeffrey Lee. "Pico Drive Mega Drive Background". PicoDrive. http://picodrive.acornarcade.com/megadrive/background.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 "The Sega Mega Drive/Genesis". Captain Williams. http://www.captainwilliams.co.uk/sega/megadrive/megadrive.php. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 
  83. ↑ ""Megadrive sound" at arcade.ym2149.com". Arcade PCB. http://arcade.ym2149.com/megadrive/. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  84. ↑ "Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade Inc.". Digital Law Online. 1992-10-20. http://digital-law-online.info/cases/24PQ2D1561.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  85. ↑ Old-Computers.com Staff. "Mega Drive II". OldComputers.com. http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=2&c=843. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  86. ↑ Master System Converter Instruction Manual. Sega. p. 7. 
  87. ↑ John Scalzo (2007-11-19). "Zap!: A History of Light Gun Games (Special) @ Gaming Target". Gaming Target. http://www.gamingtarget.com/article.php?artid=7892. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 
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  91. ↑ Kimak, Jonathan (2008-06-05). "The 6 Most Ill-Conceived Video Game Accessories Ever". Cracked.com. http://www.cracked.com/article_16334_6-most-ill-conceived-video-game-accessories-ever.html. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
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  93. ↑ "Light Harp at CES 1993". YouTube. 1993. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoxsnCiX05k. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
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  95. ↑ Barr, Adrienne. "Sega Genesis Power Base Converter". vidgame.net. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080108225410/http://www.vidgame.net/SEGA/POWERBASE.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  96. ↑ "Quadro-Power" (in German). Megablast (Joker Verlag): p. 29. 1994-03-30. 
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  98. ↑ Barr, Adrienne. "Sega Genesis 2 (MK-1631)". vidgame.net. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080108225355/http://www.vidgame.net/SEGA/GEN2.html. Retrieved 2008-03-06. 
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  103. ↑ Reed, Kristen (2008-08-24). "SEGA Mega Drive Handheld". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/sega-mega-drive-handheld-article. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  104. ↑ "Mitashi Game-In Xtreme". NaapTol. http://www.naaptol.com/online-store/WO-product-W725761O-shopping-mall-W2866O/Toyworld/Kids_Sports/Mitashi_Game-In_Xtreme.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  105. ↑ "Officially Licensed Sega Genesis Gen Core System w/ 20 Sega Games Built-in & Cartridge Slot". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Officially-Licensed-Genesis-Cartridge-Playstation-3/dp/B002SLZSC4/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=videogames&qid=1277769538&sr=8-1. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
  106. ↑ Ivan, Catalin (2009-06-26). "SEGA-Licensed Retro Gen Portable Emulator Hits the Streets". Softpedia. http://gadgets.softpedia.com/news/SEGA-Licensed-Retro-Gen-Portable-Emulator-Hits-the-Streets-3503-01.html. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
  107. ↑ Williams, Bryn (2009-06-26). "The Retro Gen Plays Genesis Games". Gamespy. http://uk.gamespy.com/articles/998/998637p1.html. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
  108. ↑ "Officially Licensed Sega Genesis Gen Mobile Portable System w/ 20 Sega Games Built-in & Cartridge Slot - Black". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Officially-Licensed-Portable-Cartridge-Playstation-3/dp/B002SLZRWA/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=videogames&qid=1274876465&sr=8-2. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 
  109. ↑ "Sega Genesis Retrogen Handheld Game". Amazon. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B002SCUL0C/boldmoney-20/. Retrieved 2010-07-06. "The Nomad doesn't have any built-in games. The Retrogen has 20 built-in homebrew games, which are very boring and you'll only play them once before getting tired of them. The GenMobile has 20 actual Genesis games built-in, which are much better." 

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